Leukemia

Introduction :-

• It is also known as blood cancer.
• It is the type of cancer of blood and bone marrow with excess WBC.
• It is unregulated proliferation of WBC in bone marrow.

Definition:-

• "A malignant progressive disease in which the bone marrow and other blood organs produce increase number of immature or abnormal WBC.these suppress the production of normal blood cells."

Etiology :-

• Exact cause is unknown.

Risk factor :-

• Genetic predisposition.
• Viral pathogenesis.
• Bone marrow damage from radiation exposure or chemicals such as benzene and alklyle agent.

Classification of leukemia :-

• According to involvement of stem cells -

1. Myeloid (myeloblastic, myelocytic)
2. Lymphoid (lymphoblastic, lymphocytic)

• Based on time -

1. Acute (sudden onset within few weeks)
2. Chronic (gradual onset take several weeks to months)

Myeloid leukemia :-

Definition:-

Myeloid leukemia is a cancer of myeloid cells (stem cells) characterized by rapid growth of a normal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with the normal blood cells.

Myeloid leukemia is progressive malignant disease in which there are too many immature blood forming cells in the blood and bone marrow. In this type of granulocyte and monocyte do not mature that fight against infection.

Introduce Acute Myeloid leukemia :-

It result from defect in the hematopoietic stem cell that differentiate into all stem cell . (monocyte, granulocyte, eosinophil,basophil, neutrophil).

Incidence of Acute Myeloid leukemia:-

• All age groups are affected.
• The peak incidence is at 60yrs.
• It is the most common type of leukemia.
• Fever.
• Infection (due to neutropenia).
• Weakness and fatigue due to anemia.
• Bleeding tendency due to thrombocytopenia.
• Abdominal pain due to hepatosplenomegaly.
• Bone pain (due to proliferation in bone marrow).

Diagnostic evaluation of Acute Myeloid leukemia :-

1. CBC.
2. Decrease RBC, platelets and neutrophils.
3. Bone marrow biopsy to confirm the type of cell involve.

Management of Acute Myeloid leukemia:-

1. Chemotherapy :- It include induction and consolidation chemotherapy.

• Induction chemotherapy :- It aims at eradicating all leukemic cells. It involve administration of high dose of chemotherapeutic agents such as cytorebine,deunorubicin,ideribicin,etoposide etc.
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